The design and calculations for the Calais battery were not particularly difficult, and Monge gave the job to Joseph more so that he could get more money. But soon Monge found out that Joseph was getting more than just a little money from the job.
One day in July, Monge, who was on a business trip to Nice, suddenly received a letter from Joseph. It was a very thick letter, heavy, if not through the military channels, this letter will certainly make Joseph pay more postage. Monge opened the envelope, inside was a thick pile of letterhead, filled with various numbers and symbols.
Monge took a brief look at the letter and knew that it was discussing the limits of flow numbers. However, he was about to go out at this time, he could not study this letter in detail, so Monge tucked the letter into his jacket pocket and went out.
After finishing his work, it was already after 4:00 pm. Several colleagues went out for a meal together. Naturally, they also invited Monge. But Monge excused himself because he still had some personal matters to attend to. Without much persuasion, the colleagues went off on their own.
According to Christianity, there are seven kinds of sins that can cause a person's soul to fall into hell: pride, envy, anger, laziness, greed, good food, and lust. If this is true, in Europe, the French have the highest chance of going to hell because of good food. Like the great eating countries of the East, the French, especially the French aristocracy, is known throughout Europe for their "good night's drinking". Compared to Paris, the prices in Nice are much cheaper and the seafood is also extremely rich. Several people ate from the afternoon until late at night, until the food and wine not only filled their stomachs but even filled their esophagus, all the way to their throats before they wandered onto the carriage and returned to their residence. When they came back, they found that the light was still on in the room of Monge, who had been living a very disciplined life and was supposed to go to bed according to his custom.
"What's Monge doing?" someone muttered.
"What the hell, that rigid guy, he doesn't look like a Frenchman. replied another drunken fellow.
But the drunken guys weren't looking for what Monge was doing. So they just nagged and went back to sleep.
The man was not aware of what the drunks were saying about him outside his door. In front of his desk, there was a large pile of the draft paper, neatly and densely packed with all kinds of calculations. He frowned and calculated seriously until another candle burned out and the sky outside his window began to glow faintly.
"Joseph's research is quite good, at least I don't see any problems now. Well, he was inspired when he was dealing with the construction of the fortress? It's good to be young. When I was young, my mind was much quicker than it is now. Monge put down his quill and sighed.
"Joseph must have sent this paper to the Academy of Sciences. I wonder what those guys at the Academy thought of it. Monge finally thought.
Joseph did send the paper to the Academy, but one thing Monge didn't expect was that Joseph sent a new paper to the Academy within a week, in which he derived an important inequality. This inequality was historically called Corsi's inequality, but now, I am afraid, it will have to be renamed as well.
In this paper, Joseph used two pieces of ice enclosed in a glass box submerged in water to melt by friction, while two pieces of ice of equal mass and temperature in a contrasting group melted naturally, and recorded the temperature change of the water in the two groups. The temperature of the water in the friction group did not drop sharply. Instead, the drop was smaller and the drop curve was smoother. Joseph pointed out that this phenomenon and based on the traditional thermal theory can make the opposite inference. He further concludes that today's popular thermal theory may not be correct.
The "thermodynamics theory" is a scientific hypothesis that emerged after Lavoisier's experiments disproved the "combustion theory". This hypothesis assumes that heat is a substance called "caloric", which is a massless and space-independent substance that absorbs heat and increases in temperature.
If you spot this tale on Amazon, know that it has been stolen. Report the violation.
The "thermal mass theory" can explain many physical phenomena quite effectively. For example, hot tea cooling at room temperature can be explained by the thermal theory: the high temperature of hot tea means that the concentration of heat is higher, so the heat will automatically flow to the area with a lower concentration of heat, that is, to the surrounding colder air. The thermal theory can also explain the expansion of the air when it is heated, as the air molecules absorb the thermal mass, making it larger. Further analysis of the details of the absorption of heat by air molecules can also explain thermal radiation, phase changes of objects at different temperatures, and even most of the gas laws. Therefore, until the middle of the 19th century, the "thermal theory" was the mainstream scientific hypothesis. The molecular motion theory was also proposed at that time, but in this era, the two theories were generally considered to be equivalent.
However, there are loopholes in the "thermodynamic theory". According to Lomonosov's Law of the Immortality of Matter, heat cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be transferred from one object to another. From this, there is a natural inference that if the temperature of an object rises, the temperature of another object must fall, and the total amount of heat gained by the warmed object should be equal to the total amount of heat lost by the cooled object. This makes this hypothesis very difficult to explain such phenomena as frictional heat generation. In such phenomena, it is difficult to find, or even impossible to find, the object that has lost "heat". For example, in Joseph's experiment, there was no source of heat for the ice to melt into water.
Unlike Humphrey Davy, who originally completed this experiment in history. Humphry Davy was not fully aware of the meaning behind this experiment and did not analyze it mathematically rigorously. He did not attach much importance to this experiment, so it was neglected at that time.
Unlike Josephus, he gave a more rigorous mathematical analysis of the experiment and proved that the thermal theory and the molecular motion theory were not equivalent in this case.
"To be honest, this paper is almost a death sentence for thermodynamics! Laplace said to Lavoisier with a pained look on his face, "Joseph is a real pain in the ass! There is so much to study in this world, but he always seems to take pleasure in destroying people's buildings. He ．．．．．． He's a real ．．．．．．"
"Yes, I also feel the pain you felt when he suggested that light is a wave. Lavoisier replied bitterly, "In fact, I just finished a study based on thermogenesis.
"So have I." Laplace replied, "I just had the idea that maybe after taking the thermal variation into account, I could fix some of the problems with Newton's formula for the speed of sound. Now, however, this research has almost had to be temporarily interrupted after it had just begun.
"That's not a big problem." Lavoisier said, "First of all, you haven't been working on this for long, so it's not impossible to switch to a molecular motion perspective. And according to Joseph's argument, molecular motion is not exactly equivalent to thermodynamics, but in most cases, it can be considered equivalent. So, you should have very limited changes. But my research is done. ．．．．．．"
"So, teacher, what do you think of his paper?" Laplace asked.
"What else can I say?" said Lavoisier. Like last time, I don't see the problem with his paper, at least not yet," Lavoisier said. Of course, there must be something wrong with his argument, but how could it be wrong, thermally? At most, there is something that needs to be changed, something that needs to be added. Well, he also admits that there may be other explanations than his. The current thermal theory is indeed flawed concerning frictional heating, but that does not mean that the thermal theory is finished, it just means that to keep it alive, we need to do more to fix it ．．．．．． I just haven't found any ideas to fix it yet ．．．．．． This Joseph, always messing with us."
Laplace noted that although Joseph's research brought so much trouble to Lavoisier, many places conflict with Lavoisier's research. Under normal circumstances, Ravasi would not have had a favorable impression of Joseph, but now when Ravasi talks about Joseph, he complains, but he speaks as if he is saying, "This child is naughty," without any malice.
"How can a teacher be such a generous person? I don't think so!" Laplace couldn't help but think, "And he doesn't agree with Joseph's point of view at all. If someone else had made such a point, such as me, perhaps, the teacher would have been furious, but why this time, his attitude is so mild?
"That kid is really smart, but he's too much of a troublemaker. You think it would be good if he could use his intelligence in a useful way instead of making trouble for us. Well, when he comes back, I must have a good talk with him. Lavoisier did not notice Laplace's thoughts, still smiling and saying so.